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When Did Background Checks Start For Guns

Written By Tuesday, May 10, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Groundwork checks for private sales of firearms in the United States

This article is about background checks for private sales of firearms in the The states. For background checks in general, run across Background cheque.

Proposals for universal background checks would require almost all firearms transactions in the United States to be recorded and go through the National Instant Criminal Background Cheque System (NICS), closing what is sometimes called the individual sale exemption. Universal background checks are not required past U.S. federal constabulary, but at least 22 states and the District of Columbia currently require background checks for at least some individual sales of firearms.

Background [edit]

Federal law requires background checks (through the National Instant Criminal Groundwork Check System) only for guns sold through licensed firearm dealers, which account for 78% of all gun sales in the United States. This figure was published in a 2017 study by the Register of Internal Medicine which, using a 2015 survey, found that 22% of recent gun transfers (purchased and nonpurchased) were completed without a background check.[1] The authors noted that while this number was less than in years past, information technology nonetheless indicates that millions of American adults are able to obtain firearms without background checks.[1] The current federal law allows people non "engaged in the business" of selling firearms to sell firearms without a license or records. A 2008 report from the Coalition to Finish Gun Violence (CSGV) stated that the National Instant Criminal Background Bank check System had prevented over i.4 million felons and other prohibited persons from purchasing firearms in the years between 1994-2005.[2] According to the CSGV, the law as well has a prohibitive upshot, that deters illegal purchases.

In November 1998, President Beak Clinton directed the U.Due south. Secretarial assistant of the Treasury and the U.S. Attorney General (A.Grand.) to provide recommendations concerning the fact that 25 percent or more of sellers at gun shows are not required to run groundwork checks on potential buyers. This was called the gun show loophole.[3] : 3, 12 [four] [5] : 27 Two months later, Gun Shows: Brady Checks and Crime Gun Traces was released.[iii] The Secretarial assistant and the A.1000. made vii recommendations, including expanding the definition of "gun bear witness," and reviewing the definition of "engaged in the business".

After the Columbine Loftier School massacre in Apr 1999, gun shows and background checks became a focus of national debate.[vi] [vii] [eight] In May, the executive vice president of the National Rifle Association (NRA) told the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Law-breaking, "We think it is reasonable to provide mandatory, instant criminal background checks for every sale at every gun testify."[ix] : 118 Those concerned about the shows believed they were a source of illegally trafficked firearms.[10] [nb one] Efforts to reverse a key characteristic of the Firearm Owners Protection Act (FOPA) past requiring criminal background checks and purchase records on individual sales at gun shows, which had become prolific in the U.Southward. since the law's passage in 1986, were unsuccessful.[11] [12]

Private sale exemption [edit]

In the Baronial 5, 2010, consequence of The New England Periodical of Medicine, researchers Garen J. Wintemute, Anthony A. Braga, and David M. Kennedy, wrote that gun shows account for but a fraction of all U.Southward. gun sales and that a more effective strategy would exist to make all private-party gun sales go through the screening and tape-keeping processes that FFL dealers are required to practice.[13] Their report concluded:

Drawbacks with respect to expense and inconvenience notwithstanding, 83% of self-reported gun owners and 87% of the general population endorsed regulation for all private-political party gun sales in a 2008 poll that was conducted for the advocacy organization Mayors Against Illegal Guns. Gun owners gave stronger support to this all-inclusive approach than to a gun-show-only proposal in a 2009 poll conducted for the same organisation. Either proposal would face tough sledding on Capitol Loma. It would therefore seem preferable to motility forward with the version that is most probable to reduce the rates of firearm-related violence.[13]

Following the December fourteen, 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary Schoolhouse massacre, there were numerous calls for universal background checks[14] [15] [xvi] to close what is now referred to equally the "private sale loophole."[17] [18] [nineteen] In an essay published in 2013, Wintemute said that comprehensive background checks that included private sales would event in a simple, fair framework for retail firearms commerce.[20] : 103 In February 2014, researchers at the Johns Hopkins Center for Gun Policy and Inquiry reported that after the 2007 repeal in Missouri of a long-continuing police force that required all handgun buyers to pass a background bank check there was a 23 percentage increment in firearms homicides.[21]

A 2012 study published in the periodical Injury Prevention found that nigh eighty% of all firearms used for criminal purposes are obtained through transfers from unlicensed dealers, which are not required to bear background checks in a bulk of states due to the private sale exemption.[22]

In 2017, a written report by researchers from Northeastern University and the Harvard School of Public Health showed that 22% of American gun owners who had obtained a gun in the previous two years did not undergo a background check before doing so.[23]

Public opinion [edit]

Universal background checks enjoy high levels of public back up; a 2016 representative survey found 86% of registered voters in the The states supported the measure out.[24] V national polls conducted in 2015 bear witness high levels of support for "expanded background checks for gun purchases," with rates varying (93% and 89% support in two Quinnipiac University surveys, 92% support in a CBS/New York Times survey, 86% back up in a Gallup survey, 85% back up in a Pew Research Center survey).[25] A 2015 survey found that more than than 90% of Americans supported universal background checks, and that, on average, Americans thought they would be more effective than any other gun policy.[26] In that location is evidence that many Americans incorrectly think that universal background checks are required by federal law; a 2016 survey found that 41% of Americans believed this to be the case. The aforementioned survey found that 77% of Americans supported universal background checks, while only 53% supported stricter gun laws. Based on this data, the authors ended that "this difference might exist attributable to poor awareness of the limitations of existing laws."[27]

In 2015, large majorities of American adults, both Republicans (79%) and Democrats (88%), supported groundwork checks for private sales and at gun shows, according to a Pew Research Center survey.[28] In 2017, potent majorities of American adults, both gun owners (77%) and non-gun owners (87%), supported background checks for individual sales and at gun shows, according to a Pew Enquiry Heart survey with an error attributable to sampling of +/- two.8% at the 95% level of conviction.[29] In 2018, after the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in Parkland, Florida, nearly all Americans supported universal background checks.[30] [31] 88% of registered voters supported universal background checks, according to a Pol/Morning Consult poll with a margin of error +/- 2%.[thirty] 94% of American voters supported universal background checks, according to a Quinnipiac University Polling Plant poll with a margin of error of +/- 3.4%.[31]

A July 2019 poll past NPR institute that 89% of respondents supported background checks for all gun purchases at gun shows or other private sales.[32] An overwhelming bulk of Republicans (84%) and Democrats (96%) indicated their support, suggesting there is bipartisan popular consensus on the broad topic in the public.[33]

Opposition [edit]

Gun rights groups such equally the National Rifle Association and National Shooting Sports Foundation oppose universal background check proposals.[34] [35] Opponents of universal groundwork checks argue that existing gun laws are sufficient; that the government does not prosecute enough of the attempted ineligible buyers who are turned abroad by the current system; that background checks are an invasion of privacy; and that "transfer" might be defined too broadly.[36] Opponents also maintain that universal background checks would not terminate crime[36] [37] and affirm that the only fashion to properly enforce a universal system would be to require a registration database.[37] Gun-rights abet and author John Lott argues that universal background checks prevent poorer Americans from acquiring guns. Lott said that, as of December 2015, background checks added an constructive cost of $lxxx (New York), $60 (Washington country), or $200 (Washington, D.C.) to transferring a firearm. Lott argues that universal background checks are an effective revenue enhancement on guns and can prevent less flush Americans from purchasing them, and that this disproportionately affects poor minorities who alive in high-crime urban areas.[38]

Some local counties have adopted 2d Amendment sanctuary resolutions in opposition to universal groundwork check laws.[39] [40]

Effectiveness [edit]

Studies [edit]

Universal background bank check laws were associated with a 14.9% reduction in overall homicides, according to a 2019 study past medical researchers including Michael Siegel of the Boston University School of Public Health and David Hemenway of the Harvard T.H. Chan Schoolhouse of Public Wellness published by the Journal of Full general Internal Medicine. The study authors wrote that "further research is necessary to decide whether these associations are causal ones".[41]

An October 2018 study conducted by the Violence Prevention Research Program (VPRP) at UC Davis and the Centre for Gun Policy and Research at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Wellness found no alter in firearm homicide or suicide rates in the ten years post-obit California's 1991 implementation of comprehensive background checks. The report's command group used firearm and not-firearm mortality data for 32 states that did non implement major firearm policies during the period from 1981-2000. In the study catamenia, firearm suicide rates were 10.9 per centum lower in California simply a similar decrease in non-firearm suicide was also observed. The study found no net divergence between firearm-related homicide rates before and during the study flow. The written report authors identified a number of possible reasons for the nil finding, including inadequate reporting of criminal records or other disqualifying information to background-bank check databases (especially pre-2000); a failure by sellers to bear the background check as required past law; and the small number of persons affected by the California law.[42]

Another study by the VPRP establish that comprehensive groundwork cheque policies led to increased background checks in Delaware, but not in Colorado or Washington. Not-compliance with the policy may be owing to the lack of an increment in the latter ii states.[43]

A study published in July 2018 found no association between firearm homicide and suicide rates and the repeal of comprehensive groundwork cheque laws in two states. The report compared rates from synthetic control groups to rates in Indiana from 1981 to 2008 and in Tennessee from 1994 to 2008. Rates from the two states' study periods were inside the range of natural variability. The study besides concluded that in order to understand whether comprehensive groundwork checks generally reduce firearm deaths, more than prove from other states is needed.[44]

A written report published in June 2018 in the Periodical of Urban Wellness past authors affiliated with the Violence Prevention Inquiry Plan (VPRP) at UC Davis and the Heart for Gun Policy and Research at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Schoolhouse of Public Health found comprehensive groundwork bank check (CBC) laws not tied to a permit-to-purchase law were associated with an increase in firearm homicide rates but non not-firearm homicide rates.[45] The authors of the study noted, however, that they have "identified no plausible theory to explain how requiring a prospective firearm purchaser to undergo a background bank check would result in increased homicide rates."[45] In attempting to explain the unexpected results, the researchers proposed an endogenous relationship such that states passing the CBC-simply laws were doing and so in response to already rising firearm homicide rates.[45]

A 2016 study published in The Lancet attempted to measure out the impact that 25 different state laws had on overall firearm-related mortality, and information technology found that universal background checks had the strongest overall bear on.[46] Additionally, the researchers' projection of a federally implemented universal background check policy predicted that national firearm mortality could drop from x.35 deaths per 100,000 people to 4.46 deaths per 100,000 people.[46] A 2015 study published in the American Journal of Public Health found that a Connecticut law (enacted in 1995) requiring handgun buyers to undergo a background check (in social club to obtain a required permit) "was associated with a forty percent decline in gun homicides and a fifteen percent driblet in suicides" during the constabulary'south starting time x years in effect.[47] A 2014 study published in the Periodical of Urban Wellness constitute that the 2007 repeal of a "permit-to-buy" handgun law in Missouri (including the repeal of a groundwork-check requirement) was associated with a 23% increment in the firearm homicide rate and a 15% increment in the murder rate, translating "to increases of betwixt 55 and 63 homicides per year in Missouri."[48] The study controlled for other variables that might touch on homicides, including "changes in rates of unemployment, poverty, incarceration, break-in, law enforcement officers per capita, and the presence of four other types of state laws."[48] A 2013 study published in the JAMA Internal Medicine analyzed various types of firearm legislation beyond the U.South. from 2007-2010 and firearm-related deaths across all 50 states, and concluded that stronger background checks were associated with lower overall firearm fatality rates.[49]

Scholarly surveys [edit]

In a survey published past the New York Times in January 2017, a panel of 32 scholars of criminology, public wellness, and law rated universal background checks as the nigh effective policy to preclude gun deaths, ranking it #1 of 29 possible gun-related policies (7.3 on a 10-bespeak effectiveness calibration).[fifty] In a subsequent skillful survey published in Oct 2017 on policies to curb mass shooting deaths specifically, the good panel ranked universal checks for gun buyers and universal checks for ammunition buyers as 6.half-dozen and half-dozen.five (on a 10-betoken effectiveness scale), respectively, ranking them equally the 5th- and 6th-most constructive of xx gun-policy proposals.[51]

A survey by Arthur Berg, Gary Mauser, and John Lott, published in the wintertime 2019-2020 edition of the Cato Institute quarterly Regulation, asked respondents (38 criminologists, 32 economists, and 50 public health researchers who had published an empirical report on firearms in a peer-reviewed journal) to rank the furnishings of 33 firearms policies (20 policies in the New York Times in 2017, plus 8 additional policies that would loosen gun regulation, and 5 additional restrictive policies) on reducing murder rates and mass shootings. (Berg, Mauser, and Lott asked about "murder rates" rather than gun homicides because they fabricated the assumption that stricter gun laws would not affect the homicide rate.) Respondents ranked universal groundwork checks 13th and 14th for reducing the murder charge per unit and reducing mass shootings, respectively. Public health researchers were substantially likelier than economists and criminologists to rate universal background checks as effective.[52]

Implications for mental health counseling [edit]

Universal background check laws, which require that a groundwork cheque be conducted earlier whatsoever gun transfer, may utilise to temporary removals of guns from the home of suicidal individuals. Some clinicians have reported that these laws have created confusion nearly whether a gun transfer would be legal, and therefore made it more hard for them to counsel their patients.[53]

States with universal groundwork check laws [edit]

Equally of July 2020, 22 states and District of Columbia require background checks for at to the lowest degree some individual sales of firearms, equally follows:[54]

Jurisdiction Summary from Giffords Law Eye[54]
California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Nevada, New Bailiwick of jersey, New United mexican states, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Virginia,[55] Vermont, Washington, and the District of Columbia "Crave universal groundwork checks at the bespeak of sale for all sales and transfers of all classes of firearms, whether they are purchased from a licensed dealer or an unlicensed seller."[54]
Maryland and Pennsylvania "Require betoken of sale groundwork checks for handguns merely non for long guns, like rifles and shotguns."[54]
Hawaii, Illinois, and Massachusetts "Require all firearm purchasers to obtain a permit, issued after a background cheque, in order to buy any firearm" (this requirement is in lieu of a point-of-sale background bank check)[54]
New Bailiwick of jersey "Requires firearm purchasers to both obtain a let to purchase a firearm and, if the purchase is from an unlicensed seller, conduct the transaction through a federally-licensed firearms dealer."[54]
Michigan, Nebraska, and N Carolina "Permit and background cheque requirement for handgun purchases but not long-gun purchases."[54]

In Maine, a 2016 referendum to crave groundwork checks on private sales failed afterwards a closely fought campaign, with "yes" gaining 48.2% of the vote and "no" gaining 52.8% of the vote.[56] [57] In 2014, a referendum in Washington state to require background checks on private sales (Initiative Measure No. 594) passed,[54] with "yes" gaining 59.3% of the vote and "no" gaining 40.7% of the vote.[58]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ A study released in 2009, 10 years after Columbine, discussed the role that gun shows play in trafficking to Mexico.[five]

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b Matthew Miller, Doc, ScD; Lisa Hepburn, PhD; Deborah Azrael, PhD. "Firearm Acquisition Without Background Checks". Annals of Internal Medicine . Retrieved Feb xx, 2017. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  2. ^ "America'south Gun Shows: Open Markets for Criminals" (PDF). Coalition to Finish Gun Violence & Educational Fund to Stop Gun Violence. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-11-27.
  3. ^ a b U.S. Department of the Treasury, U.S. Department of Justice (January 1999). "Gun Shows: Brady Checks and Criminal offense Gun Traces" (PDF). atf.gov. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF). Retrieved June 27, 2014. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  4. ^ "Gun Show undercover" (PDF). Oct 2009. p. 11. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
  5. ^ a b "Firearms Trafficking: U.S. Efforts to Combat Arms Trafficking to United mexican states Face Planning and Coordination Challenges" (PDF). gao.gov. U.s.a. Government Accountability Office (GAO). June 2009. GAO-09-709. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  6. ^ "The debate on gun policies in U.S. and midwest newspapers". Berkeley Media Studies Group. January one, 2000.
  7. ^ National Conference of State Legislatures (June 1, 2000). "Colorado After Columbine The Gun Debate". The Gratuitous Library by Farlex. Gale Group.
  8. ^ "No Questions Asked: Background Checks, Gun Shows, and Crime" (PDF). Americans for Gun Safety Foundation. April ane, 2001.
  9. ^ LaPierre, Wayne (May 27, 1999). "Argument of Wayne LaPierre, Executive Vice President, National Rifle Clan at Awaiting Firearms Legislation and the Administration'southward Enforcement of Current Gun Laws: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Offense of the Committee of the Judiciary of the House of Representatives One Hundred Sixth Congress Get-go Session". commdocs.house.gov. Washington, D.C. Retrieved July 4, 2014. No loopholes anywhere for anyone.
  10. ^ "Post-obit the Gun: Enforcing Federal Laws Against Firearms Traffickers" (PDF). Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF). June 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 31, 2003.
  11. ^ Olinger, David (February 13, 2000). "Dealers live for gun shows". Denverpost.com . Retrieved January 29, 2015.
  12. ^ Baum, Dan (June 8, 2000). "What I saw at the gun show". rollingstone.com . Retrieved January 30, 2015.
  13. ^ a b Wintemute, Garen J.; Braga, Anthony A.; Kennedy, David M. (August 5, 2010). "Individual-Party Gun Sales, Regulation, and Public Safety". The New England Journal of Medicine. Massachusetts Medical Society. 363 (6): 508–511. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1006326. PMID 20592291. S2CID 40954102. Published online at nejm.org on June xxx, 2010.
  14. ^ Hartfield, Elizabeth (Dec 24, 2012). "In Gun Control Debate, Arguments for Tougher Background Checks, Better State Reporting". ABC News Net Ventures. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  15. ^ Sullum, Jacob (January xi, 2013). "iv Questions Almost 'Universal Groundwork Checks' for Gun Purchases". Reason.com (Blog). Reason Foundation. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  16. ^ More universal sources:
    • Avlon, John (January 12, 2013). "Gun argue yet rages subsequently Sandy Hook slaughter". The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
    • Sullivan, Cheryl (Jan 12, 2013). "Gun fence 101: Time for 'universal' background checks on buyers?". Christian Scientific discipline Monitor . Retrieved June 27, 2014.
    • Martinez, Michael (January 28, 2013). "'Universal background check:' What does it mean?". Cable News Network. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  17. ^ Fisher, Kristin (Dec 15, 2011). "Illegal Internet Gun Sales are Soaring in Virginia". WUSA9. Archived from the original on February eight, 2015. Retrieved Feb 7, 2015. These Net sales actually are the new gun shows.
  18. ^ Shapiro, Eliza (November 29, 2012). "Gun-Control Entrance hall Targets Obama, Demands Reform". Daily Beast.
  19. ^ More private sale loophole sources:
    • Kirkham, Chris (Dec 21, 2012). "Individual Gun Sale Loophole Creates Invisible Firearms Market, Prompts Calls For Reform". The Huffington Post.
    • "Universal Background Checks & the Private Sale Loophole Policy Summary". Smart Gun Laws. Law Center to Foreclose Gun Violence. August 21, 2013. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
    • Taylor, Marisa (December 22, 2014). "Gun police loophole could take provided Brinsley's murder weapon, say experts". Al Jazeera America. Through something known as the private sale loophole, he could have purchased the firearm in the private market at a gun show or out of someone's torso.
    • Dobbs, Taylor (January sixteen, 2015). "Gun Rights Grouping Slams Proposed Legislation". Vermont Public Radio.
  20. ^ Wintemute, Garen J. (2013). "Comprehensive Background Checks for Firearm Sales: Show from Gun Shows". In Webster, Daniel Westward.; Vernick, Jon Southward. (eds.). Reducing Gun Violence in America. JHU Press. pp. 95–107. ISBN978-ane-4214-1110-1. OCLC 823897002.
  21. ^ Webster, Daniel (February 18, 2014). "ID Bank check Repeal Prompts Spike In Murders, Report Finds". All Things Considered (Interview). Interviewed by Audie Cornish. NPR. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  22. ^ Vittes, Katherine A.; Vernick, Jon S.; Webster, Daniel W. (2012). "Legal status and source of offenders' firearms in states with the to the lowest degree stringent criteria for gun ownership". Injury Prevention. 19 (i): 26–31. doi:x.1136/injuryprev-2011-040290. ISSN 1475-5785. PMID 22729164.
  23. ^ Miller, M; Hepburn, 50; Azrael, D (three January 2017). "Firearm Acquisition Without Background Checks: Results of a National Survey". Annals of Internal Medicine. 166 (4): 233–239. doi:x.7326/M16-1590. PMID 28055050.
  24. ^ Bui, Quotrung; Sanger-Katz, Margot (January x, 2017). "How to Prevent Gun Deaths? Where Experts and the Public Agree". The New York Times . Retrieved Baronial 23, 2019.
  25. ^ Carroll, Lauren (5 January 2016). "Laura Ingraham wrongly says claim that 90% support for gun groundwork checks has been debunked". Politifact . Retrieved 7 Jan 2016.
  26. ^ Sorenson, Susan B. (October 2015). "Assessing views about gun violence reduction policy: A expect at type of violence and expected effectiveness". Preventive Medicine. 79: fifty–54. doi:x.1016/j.ypmed.2015.04.025. PMID 25952054.
  27. ^ Aronow, Peter One thousand; Miller, Benjamin T (January 2016). "Policy misperceptions and support for gun control legislation". The Lancet. 387 (10015): 223. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00042-8. PMID 26842292.
  28. ^ Fingerhut, Hannah (January 5, 2016). "5 facts about guns in the United States". Pew Inquiry Heart. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
  29. ^ Parker, Kim; Menasce Horowitz, Juliana; Igielnik, Ruth; Oliphant, Baxter; Brown, Anna (June 22, 2017). "America's Complex Relationship With Guns". Pew Enquiry Center. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  30. ^ a b Shepard, Steven (Feb 28, 2018). "Gun control back up surges in polls". Politico. Retrieved March 19, 2018. Eighty-8 percent support requiring groundwork checks on all gun sales.
  31. ^ a b "Poll Release May 22, 2019". Quinnipiac University Polling Plant. May 22, 2019. Retrieved September iii, 2019. 94 Percent Dorsum Universal Gun Background Checks
  32. ^ "Americans Largely Support Gun Restrictions To 'Do Something' Nearly Gun Violence". NPR.org . Retrieved 2020-12-09 .
  33. ^ "Poll: Americans Not Sold On Trump — Or Democrats". NPR.org . Retrieved 2020-12-09 .
  34. ^ Tom Hamburger & Josh Dawsey, "Trump tells NRA master that universal background checks are off the table", Washington Post (August 20, 2019).
  35. ^ Brendan J. Lyons & Dan Freedman, "Cuomo, 11 other Democratic governors urge tighter gun regulations", Olean Times Herald (September ten, 2019).
  36. ^ a b Skillful, Chris (April 10, 2013). "The Case Against Gun Groundwork Checks". ABC News Net Ventures. Retrieved June thirty, 2014.
  37. ^ a b G&A online editors (May 28, 2013). "NRA Members: Universal Background Checks 'Not a Solution'". Guns & Ammo. Intermedia Outdoors. Retrieved June 30, 2014. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  38. ^ Lott, John (2015-12-03). "Mass Shootings and Gun Control". National Review.
  39. ^ "Daily Message: Students Prep the Next Round of School Walkouts for Gun Reform". The Trace . Retrieved 2019-03-09 .
  40. ^ "New United mexican states governor enacts expanded gun background checks". Las Cruces Sun-News . Retrieved 2019-03-09 .
  41. ^ Siegel, Michael; Pahn, Molly; Xuan, Ziming; Fleegler, Eric; Hemenway, David (March 28, 2019). "The Impact of State Firearm Laws on Homicide and Suicide Deaths in the United states of america, 1991–2016: a Panel Study". Periodical of General Internal Medicine. 34 (10): 2021–2028. doi:10.1007/s11606-019-04922-ten. PMC6816623. PMID 30924089.
  42. ^ Castillo-Carniglia, Alvaro; Kagawa, Rose M.C.; Cerdá, Magdalena; Crifasi, Cassandra; Vernick, Jon South; Webster, Daniel W; Wintemute, Garen J. (2019). "California'south comprehensive background cheque and misdemeanor violence prohibition policies and firearm mortality". Register of Epidemiology. thirty: l–56. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2018.ten.001. PMID 30744830.
  43. ^ Wintemute, Garen J.; Cerdá, Magdalena; Vernick, Jon S.; Webster, Daniel W.; Kagawa, Rose M. C.; Castillo-Carniglia, Alvaro (2018-12-01). "Comprehensive background check policy and firearm background checks in 3 United states states". Injury Prevention. 24 (6): 431–436. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042475. ISSN 1353-8047. PMID 28986427.
  44. ^ Kagawa, Rose G.C.; Castillo-Carniglia, Alvaro; Vernick, Jon S.; Webster, Daniel Due west.; Crifasi, Cassandra; Rudolph, Kara E.; Cerdá, Magdalena; Shev, Aaron; Wintemute, Garen J. (2018). "Repeal of Comprehensive Background Bank check Policies and Firearm Homicide and Suicide". Epidemiology. 29 (4): 494–502. doi:10.1097/EDE.0000000000000838. PMID 29613872. S2CID 4594013.
  45. ^ a b c Crifasi, C.K., Merrill-Francis, M., McCourt, A. et al. "Association between Firearm Laws and Homicide in Urban Counties." J Urban Wellness (2018) 95: 383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-018-0273-3
  46. ^ a b Kalesan, Bindu; Mobily, Matthew E; Keiser, Olivia; Fagan, Jeffrey A; Galea, Sandro (2016-04-thirty). "Firearm legislation and firearm mortality in the U.s.a.: a cross-sectional, state-level written report". The Lancet. 387 (10030): 1847–1855. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01026-0. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 26972843. S2CID 21415884.
  47. ^ Rudolph, Kara E.; Stuart, Elizabeth A.; Vernick, Jon Southward.; Webster, Daniel W. (2015). "Association Between Connecticut'due south Permit-to-Purchase Handgun Law and Homicides". American Journal of Public Health. 105 (8): e49–e54. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302703. PMC4504296. PMID 26066959.
  48. ^ a b Webster, Daniel; Kercher Crifasi, Cassandra; Vernick, Jon South. (2014). "Effects of the repeal of Missouri's handgun purchaser licensing law on homicides". Periodical of Urban Health. 91 (2): 293–302. doi:x.1007/s11524-014-9865-8. PMC3978146. PMID 24604521.
  49. ^ Fleegler, Eric W.; Lee, Lois K.; Monuteaux, Michael C.; Hemenway, David; Mannix, Rebekah (2013-05-13). "Firearm Legislation and Firearm-Related Fatalities in the U.s.a.". JAMA Internal Medicine. 173 (nine): 732–40. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.1286. ISSN 2168-6106. PMID 23467753.
  50. ^ Quoctrung Bui & Margot Sanger-Katz (January 10, 2017). "How to Prevent Gun Deaths? Where Experts and the Public Hold". New York Times.
  51. ^ Margot Sanger-Katz & Quoctrung Bui. (Oct 5, 2017). "Experts poll on reducing mass shooting deaths". New York Times.
  52. ^ Lott, John R. and Berg, MD, Arthur and Mauser, Gary A., Proficient Views on Gun Laws, Regulation (Winter 2019-2020).
  53. ^ McCourt, AD; Vernick, JS; Betz, ME; Brandspigel, S; Runyan, CW (1 January 2017). "Temporary Transfer of Firearms From the Dwelling house to Forestall Suicide: Legal Obstacles and Recommendations". JAMA Internal Medicine. 177 (1): 96–101. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.5704. PMID 27842186.
  54. ^ a b c d e f g h Universal Background Checks, Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence (accessed January i, 2020).
  55. ^ "Universal Background Checks". Giffords . Retrieved 2020-12-09 .
  56. ^ Kevin Miller, "Proposed expansion of gun background checks defeated", Portland Printing Herald (Nov 8, 2016).
  57. ^ "Nov 8, 2016 Plebiscite Election: Official Results", Maine Department of the Secretary of State, Bureau of Corporations, Elections & Commissions.
  58. ^ "November iv, 2014 General Election Results: Initiative Measure No. 594: Concerns background checks for firearm sales and transfers", Washington Secretarial assistant of State.

Further reading [edit]

  • Editorial board (Feb 18, 2014). "Missouri report shows why nosotros need universal gun groundwork checks". Chicago Sun-Times. Lord's day-Times Media. Retrieved June thirty, 2014.
  • Krouse, William J. (March 1, 2013). "Gun Command Proposals in the 113th Congress: Universal Background Checks, Gun Trafficking, and Military machine Style Firearms" (PDF). U.S. Department of State . Retrieved February 17, 2015.

When Did Background Checks Start For Guns,

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